Public procurement analysis
A single offer in public procurement. How widely do sectors differ?
An analysis of 1,567 single-lot procedures in basic modes, identified from 7,724 unique notices in the Polish Public Procurement Bulletin (BZP).
Reporting period: 18 Oct 2026 — 25 Oct 2026
Snapshot identity: sha256:235b6fbdd724d4dd4733d6f04681ae02aa849a2769064980eb27f3b8578fb9ba
Sector comparison: medical equipment (CPV 33) and construction (CPV 45)
The figures are the share of eligible single-lot procedures in basic modes that received exactly one offer. The two divisions are an editorial selection — all analysed divisions follow further below.
33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products
72.2%
39 of 54
45Construction work
13.0%
95 of 729
Difference: 59.2 percentage points
Interpretation boundary: a high single-offer rate is a statistical observation. It does NOT prove waste, corruption, collusion or illegality — a single offer can have entirely benign causes (specialised subject matter, urgent needs, a limited market). Public institutions are named only where the underlying facts are neutral and verified.
Overall baseline: basic modes combined
Basic modes under Art. 275 PZP: procedures conducted without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1) and procedures where the law permits negotiations (art. 275 pkt 2 — a negotiation stage is permitted, not mandatory), plus their combination.
Basic modes combined
24.9%
- Procedures (n)
- 1,567
- Single-offer procedures
- 390
- Zero-offer procedures
- 0
Basic mode without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1 PZP)
25.8%
- Procedures (n)
- 1,225
- Single-offer procedures
- 316
- Zero-offer procedures
- 0
Basic mode where negotiations are permitted (art. 275 pkt 2 PZP)
21.6%
- Procedures (n)
- 342
- Single-offer procedures
- 74
- Zero-offer procedures
- 0
Reading the numbers: the denominator (n) is the number of procedures in the group; the numerator (single) counts procedures that received exactly one offer; the rate is the numerator divided by the denominator. Zero counts procedures that received no offers at all.
Single-offer rate by week (basic modes combined)
Bars represent the single-offer rate on a 0–100% scale.
By CPV division
The rate column is the share of eligible single-lot procedures in basic modes that received exactly one offer, with its numerator and denominator. Divisions are ordered from the highest rate. Part-level figures are a different measure and are kept in the technical details.
| CPV division | Procedures (n) | Single-offer procedures | Single-offer rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products | 54 | 39 | 72.2% |
| 38Laboratory, optical and precision equipment (excluding glasses) | 23 | 15 | 65.2% |
| 34Transport equipment and auxiliary products to transportation | 94 | 47 | 50.0% |
| 48Software packages and information systems | 28 | 14 | 50.0% |
| 90Sewage, refuse, cleaning and environmental services | 57 | 24 | 42.1% |
| 71Architectural, construction, engineering and inspection services | 87 | 13 | 14.9% |
| 45Construction work | 729 | 95 | 13.0% |
| 79Business services: law, marketing, consulting, recruitment, printing and security | 48 | 4 | 8.3% |
Technical details by CPV division (part-level metrics, value coverage, value bands)
33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 271 of 509 (53.2%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 54 / 54 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 4 of 9 (44.4%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 3 of 6 (50.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 28 of 34 (82.4%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 4 of 5 (80.0%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 0 of 0
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
34Transport equipment and auxiliary products to transportation
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 63 of 129 (48.8%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 94 / 94 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 0 of 2 (0.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 2 of 5 (40.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 32 of 69 (46.4%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 11 of 15 (73.3%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 2 of 3 (66.7%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
38Laboratory, optical and precision equipment (excluding glasses)
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 24 of 43 (55.8%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 23 / 23 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 2 of 5 (40.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 2 of 2 (100.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 7 of 11 (63.6%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 3 of 4 (75.0%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 1 of 1 (100.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
45Construction work
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 129 of 986 (13.1%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 729 / 729 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 2 of 11 (18.2%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 3 of 34 (8.8%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 52 of 317 (16.4%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 22 of 166 (13.3%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 11 of 160 (6.9%)
- above PLN 5 million: 5 of 41 (12.2%)
48Software packages and information systems
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 19 of 45 (42.2%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 28 / 28 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 1 of 2 (50.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 3 (0.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 5 of 12 (41.7%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 5 of 8 (62.5%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 3 of 3 (100.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
71Architectural, construction, engineering and inspection services
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 33 of 177 (18.6%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 87 / 87 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 2 of 8 (25.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 12 (0.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 7 of 55 (12.7%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 4 of 9 (44.4%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 0 of 1 (0.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 2 (0.0%)
79Business services: law, marketing, consulting, recruitment, printing and security
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 31 of 106 (29.3%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 48 / 48 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 3 of 15 (20.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 8 (0.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 1 of 20 (5.0%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 0 of 3 (0.0%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 0 of 2 (0.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
90Sewage, refuse, cleaning and environmental services
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 70 of 164 (42.7%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 57 / 57 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 0 of 0
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 3 (0.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 9 of 32 (28.1%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 15 of 22 (68.2%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 0 of 0
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
Part-level figures describe the parts (lots) of procedures, not whole procedures — their share is not a single-offer procedure rate.
Value bands use the contract value stated in field 8.2 of the result notice; procedures without a stated value are excluded, not counted as zero. Each band shows procedures with exactly one offer out of all eligible procedures in that band.
All acquisition modes
| Mode | Procedures (n) | Single-offer procedures | Zero-offer procedures | Single-offer rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic mode without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1 PZP) | 1,225 | 316 | 0 | 25.8% |
| Basic mode with possible negotiations (art. 275 pkt 2 PZP) | 342 | 74 | 0 | 21.6% |
| Framework agreement (art. 311 PZP) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 50.0% |
| Free-hand procurement (art. 305 in conjunction with art. 214 PZP) | 65 | 61 | 3 | 93.9% |
| Negotiations with a publication notice (art. 301 PZP) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 75.0% |
Modes outside the basic modes are shown for context and have a different legal character — a high single-offer rate in free-hand procurement (art. 305 in conjunction with art. 214 PZP) is not directly comparable with the basic modes.
Input population
| Source notices in the input corpus | 7,724 |
|---|---|
| Distinct procedures | 7,696 |
| Procedures with more than one notice | 24 |
| Notices without a process identifier | 0 |
| Outcome: Contract awarded | 6,044 |
| Outcome: Procedure cancelled | 1,643 |
| Outcome: Outcome not determined | 37 |
This report does NOT describe all Polish public procurement: the analysis corpus covers only the BZP notices acquired for the declared source window and the analytics definition's source family; notices that cannot be attributed to a procedure are counted separately above and never silently dropped.
Methodology and source disclosures
- Source
- Biuletyn Zamówień Publicznych (BZP) — the Polish public procurement bulletin
- Analysed population
- Single-lot procedures in basic modes (art. 275 PZP) with a determined outcome. Procedures entering the single-offer rate: 1,567.
- What the rate means
- The share of eligible procedures that received exactly one offer, out of all eligible procedures in the group (single divided by n).
- Declared coverage
- 8 days covered, 0 declared uncovered or not proven complete in the published window.
Technical details: versions, revisions, fingerprints, corpus
- Analytic definition
competition_statistics(1.0.0)- Algorithm version
1.1.0- Source-version selection policy
latest_html_then_highest_version_then_latest_acquired- Publication revision
- 7
- Source revision (input freshness)
- unknown
- Source revision bound to this snapshot
- unknown
- Declared coverage
acquisition_manifest_reconciled— 8 days covered, 0 declared uncovered or not proven complete in the published window.- Input corpus
- selected records: 7,724 · captures seen: 30,991 · content-hash conflicts (source corrections): 0
- Corpus identity (semantic hash)
sha256:863a993ca3cb397e3d1da63c69f0f2ed2df32dbcf1eef31c3e12b3b447df0dbd- Source-state fingerprint
sha256:863a993ca3cb397e3d1da63c69f0f2ed2df32dbcf1eef31c3e12b3b447df0dbd
Source: the Polish public procurement bulletin (BZP), acquired through the governed acquisition pipeline; every number on this page is read from one immutable published snapshot and is never recomputed by the website.
Limitations: the report covers only the declared source window and the acquisition modes listed; contract values use field 8.2 of the result notice only — estimates are never substituted; published corrections change the source revision and lead to a new snapshot rather than editing this one.